Joseph Lister is the surgeon who introduced new principles of cleanliness which transformed surgical practice in the late
1800s. Today, we take it for granted that a surgeon will guard a patient's safety by using aseptic methods. But this was not
always the case and until Lister introduced sterile surgery, a patient could undergo a procedure successfully only to die from
a postoperative infection known as 'ward fever". He read Pasteur's work on microorganisms and decided to experiment using
one of Pasteur's proposed techniques, that of exposing the wound to chemicals. He chose dressings soaked with carbolic acid
to cover the wound and the rate of infection was vastly reduced.
Lister's lowered infection rate was life saving and his principles have since been adopted worldwide. Lister is now known as the
"father of antiseptic surgery." Which of these is NOT an application of Lister's work?
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A)
use of antiseptic on wounds
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B)
surgical handwashing technique
sterilization of surgical instruments
D)
filtration of fluids to eliminate microorganisms

D)  filtration of fluids to eliminate microorganisms

Explanation:

Lister is also called father of antiseptic surgery because he introduced the methods to prevent the growth of microbes and contamination during surgical microbes. He was the professor of surgery. He used carbolic acid which is an antiseptic to clean the exposed wound. He implemented the use of sanitizer for hand-washing, spraying the carbolic acid in the theater, during operations and for sterilizing the instruments.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

c. is the answer

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