What is the net iconic charge of an oxygen ion?

samuel de champlain. in 1608, king henry iv sponsored pierre dugua, sieur de mons and samuel de champlain as founders of the city of quebec with 28 men. this was the second permanent french settlement in the colony of canada.

the old alchemists made significant contributions to science even though there starting premises were off a bit. their conclusions after failure would steer them into better directions for investigation. science is no more than close observation and the initial mistakes result in rethinking and retrying experiments.