A solution has a hydrogen ion (or hydronium ion) concentration of 3.16×10−^8 M.
What is the pH of the solution?

a) 7.0

b) 7.5

c) 8.0

d) 8.5

The pH of the solution is 7.5

Explanation:

pH, short for Hydrogen Potential, is a parameter used to measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

PH is the measure of the activity of hydrogen ions in solutions and defined as the opposite of the base 10 logarithm or the negative logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions.

pH= - log [H⁺]

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Values less than 7 indicate the acidity range and those greater than 7 indicate alkalinity or basicity. Value 7 is considered neutral.

In this case, the concentration of the hydrogen ion is:

[H⁺]=3.16*10⁻⁸ M

Replacing in the definition of pH:

pH= - log (3.16*10⁻⁸)

pH= 7.50

The pH of the solution is 7.5

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.