Richter defined the magnitude of an earthquake to be
M log
S
where I is the intensity of the earthquake
measured by the amplitude of the seismograph
wave) arnd S is the intensity of a "standard"
earthquake, which is barely detectable
The magnitude of a standard earthquake is

Ammonium perchlorate nh4clo4 is the solid rocket fuel used by the u.s. space shuttle. it reacts with itself to produce nitrogen gas n2 , chlorine gas cl2 , oxygen gas o2 , water h2o , and a great deal of energy. what mass of nitrogen gas is produced by the reaction of 2.1g of ammonium perchlorate?