The measured voltage of an electrochemical cell consisting of pure nickel immersed in a solution of Ni2+ ions of unknown concentration and pure cadmium immersed in a 5.00 M solution of Cd2+ ions was 0.133 V. The nickel was the cathode in this electrochemical cell and the experiment was conducted at 25 ºC. What was the concentration of Ni2+ ions in the solution?

[Ni²⁺] = 1.33 M

Explanation:

To do this, we need to use the Nernst equation which (in standard conditions of temperature)

E = E° - RT/nF lnQ

However R and F are constant, and the reaction is taking place in 25 °C so we can assume the nernst equation like this:

E = E° - 0.05916/n logQ

As the nickel is in the cathode, this means that this element is being reducted while Cadmium is being oxidized, therefore the REDOX reaction would be:

Cd(s) + Ni²⁺(aq) > Cd²⁺(aq) + Ni(s)

With this, Q:

Q = [Cd²⁺] / [Ni²⁺]

Now, we need to know the value of the standard reduction potentials, which can be calculated with the semi equations of reduction and oxidation:

Cd(s) > Cd²⁺ + 2e⁻       E°₁ = 0.40 V

Ni²⁺ + 2e⁻ > Ni(s)        E°₂ = -0.25 V

E° = E°₁ + E°₂

E° = 0.40 - 0.25 = 0.15 V

Now that we have all the data, we can solve for the [Ni²⁺]:

0.133 = 0.15 - 0.05916/2 log(5/[Ni²⁺])

0.133 - 0.15 = -0.05916/2 log(5/[Ni²⁺])

-0.017 = -0.02958 log(5/[Ni²⁺])

-0.017/-0.02958 = log(5/[Ni²⁺])

0.5747 = log(5/[Ni²⁺])

10^(0.5747) = 5/[Ni²⁺]

[Ni²⁺] = 5/3.7558

substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon:

- the single bond remains single. a is wrong.

- the bond with hydrogen is as strong as with a halogen. c is wrong

- a hydrocarbon is saturated if there is no double bond. we do not know that so d is wrong.

- carbon will always have four valence electrons. e is wrong.

by elimination, the correct answer is b. the boiling point of the new compound increases.