An atom of lead has a radius of and the average orbital speed of the electrons in it is about . Calculate the least possible uncertainty in a measurement of the speed of an electron in an atom of lead. Write your answer as a percentage of the average speed, and round it to significant digits.

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An atom of lead has a radius of 154 pm and the average orbitalspeed of the electron in it is about 1.8x m/s. Calculate the least possible uncertainty in a measurement of the speed of an electron in an atom of lead. Write your answer as a percentage of the average speed, and round it to significant 2 digits.

v% = 0.21 m/s

Explanation: To calculate the uncertainty, use Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, which states that:  ΔpΔx≥

where h is Planck's constant and it is equal to 6.626.m²kg/s.

Since p (momentum) is p = m.v:

mΔv.Δx ≥

Δv =

Given that: r = x = 1.54.m and mass of an electron is m=9.1.kg

Δv =

Δv = 0.0376.

As percentage of average speed:

Δv..100% = .10² = 0.021.10 = 0.21%

The least possible uncertainty in a speed of an electron is 0.21%.

a polar bond is formed when electrons are shared unevenly between atoms

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