In an experiment, hydrochloric acid reacted with different volumes of sodium thiosulfate in water. A yellow precipitate was formed during the reaction. A cross drawn at the base of each flask became gradually invisible due the formation of this yellow precipitate. The time taken for the cross to become invisible was recorded. A partial record of the experiment is shown. Experimental Record Flask Volume of HCl Volume of Sodium Thiosulfate Volume of Water Time 1 10 mL 10 mL 40 mL 14 seconds 2 10 mL 20 mL 30 mL 3 10 mL 30 mL 20 mL 4 10 mL 40 mL 10 mL Based on your knowledge of factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions, predict the trend in the last column of the experimental record. Use complete sentences to explain the trend you predicted. You do not have to determine exact values for time; just describe the trend you would expect (increase or decrease) and why it occurs.

The time taken for the cross mark to disappear decreases steadily down the column.

Explanation:

Now if we look at the data provided, we will discover that the volume of the HCl was held constant while the volume of the thiosulphate was increased steadily and the volume of water decreased steadily.

Recall that a system is more concentrated when it contains less volume of water and more volume of reactants. Hence as the volume of water in the system is being reduced, the concentration of reactants is increased.

It has been established that an increase in the concentration of reactants lead to an increase in the rate of reaction. The disappearance of the cross shows the completion of the reaction between HCl and thiosulphate. The faster or slower the cross disappears, the faster or slower the rate of reaction.

Since increase in concentration of reactants increases the rate of reaction, it is observed that as the volume of the thiosulphate increases (reactant concentration increases) the cross disappears faster (rate of reactant increases). Hence as the volume of thiosulphate increases, it takes a shorter time for the cross to disappear. This implies that the time column in the table (refer to the question) will decrease steadily as the volume of thiosulphate increases.

a saline water is fed to a reverse osmosis unit at flow rate o rotameter connected to reject (retentate) line reads 8 installed in reject and permeate line reads 15.2 milli siemens/cm and 300 micro siemens/com respectively.

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