In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, a chlorine substituent is . In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, a chlorine substituent is . an activator and a meta-director a deactivator and an ortho, para-director an activator and an ortho, para-director a deactivator and a meta-director none of the above

d) is an activator and an ortho/para- director

Explanation:

We options for this question are:

a) is a deactivator and an ortho/para- director

b) is a deactivator and a meta-director

c) is an activator and a meta-director

d) is an activator and an ortho/para- director

e) is an activator and an ortho/meta/para director

f) none of the above

We have to remember that Cl is a halogen, therefore a lone pair of electrons will be involved in the resonance (see figure 1). So, we will have activation in the ortho and para positions.  We have to take into account that the halogens have a high electronegativity. This means that inductively they are electron-withdrawing. So, we will have opposite phenomenons that will result in very weak activation

conduction is the transfer of thermal energy (heat in transfer) due to collisions between the molecules in the object. collisions between adjacent atoms and molecules transfer kinetic energy from the warmer to the cooler object. the objects must be in physical contact.

i'm pretty sure its b i might be wrong though!