Determine the enthalpy change when 19.399999999999999 g of carbon is reacted with oxygen according to the reaction

The enthalpy change is −636.9798 kJ

Explanation:

The equation of the reaction between Carbon and Oxygen can be represented as :

molar mass of Carbon = 12 mole

when mass of  19.399999999999999 g of carbon reacted with oxygen;

the number of moles = mass/molar mass

the number of moles = 19.399999999999999/12

the number of moles = 1.6167 mol

Thus the enthalpy change when  1 mole of carbon react with oxygen = -394 kJ/mol

Therefore when 1.6167 moles react with oxygen; we have:

= 1.6167 mol ×  -394 kJ/mol

= −636.9798 kJ

your picture is not part of the scientific method.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.