a factor of 8, it means that A is now only 1/8 of its original concentration. A first order reaction, where A → products, has a rate constant of 1.56 × 107 s −1 . At some time, a concentration of 1.06 × 10−6 M of species A is introduced into the reactor. How long does it take for the concentration of A to fall by a factor of 8?

It takes 1.32x10⁻⁷s for the concentration of A to fall by a factor of 8

Explanation:

The equation that represents a first-order kinetics is:

Ln ([A] / [A]₀] = -kt

Where [A] is actual concentration, [A]₀ is initial concentration, K is rate constant (For the given problem, 1.57x10⁷s⁻¹ and t is time.

As you want the time when you have [A] in a factor of 8 = [A] / [A]₀ = 1/8

Replacing:

Ln ([A] / [A]₀] = -kt

Ln (1/8) = -1.57x10⁷s⁻¹*t

t = 1.32x10⁻⁷s

b) mutualism

hope this : )