What is the electron change needed to obtain an gallium octet?

According to the octet rule, each atom required to complete eight electrons in the outermost shell of p orbital and  s- and p- orbitals in an atom's outermost energy level are filled except some atoms. Gallium is one of the exception that does not follow octet rule.

Gallium is a chemical element having atomic number 31 and the electronic configuration of Gallium is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p.

The electron change needed to obtain an gallium octet by removing the 4p electron and form Ga+.

(newtons first law)

conservation of momentum law states :

momentum before collision = momentum after collision

momentum p (kg-m/s)= mass * velocity

say moving car=1 000 kg, velocity = 10 m/s then p = 1 000*10= 10 000 kg-m/s

say still car = 2 000 kg, velocity = 0 m/s then p = 2 000* 0 = 0 kg-m/s

total momentum prior to collision = 10 000 + 0 = 10 000 kg-m/s

momentum after collision = 10 000 kg-m/s

mass now = 1 000 kg+2 000 kg = 3 000 kg

10 000 = 3 000 kg* velocity m/s

10 000/3 000 = velocity

3.33 m/s = velocity after collision

an impulse is a force applied over time , momentum is exclusive of external forces and a perfect collision is implied