Discuss the effect of changing the flow tube radius on flow rate.

The flow rate of a tube is the volume of fluid flowing through the tube per unit time. The flowrate is proportional to the product of the velocity of the fluid through the tube, and the cross-sectional area of the tube.

That is

Q = AV

where

A is the area of the tube

V is the velocity of the tube

The cross-sectional area of the tube is proportional to the radius of the tube. From the above equation, we can deduce that if the velocity of the fluid flowing through the tube is held constant, the flowrate of the fluid through the tube will increase with an increase in the radius of the tube, and it will decrease with a decrease in the radius of the tube.

if two electrons have the same n, the same ℓ, and the same ml, then they are in the same orbital. the pauli exclusion principle states that no two identical fermions (a fancy word for electrons and other subatomic particles like electrons) may occupy the same quantum state in an atom simultaneously.