The energy needed to remove the first electron from an atom is the first ionization energy. The energy needed to remove the second electron from an atom is the second ionization energy. The definition of third and fourth ionization energies is similar. Which of the atoms below would you expect to have the largest 3rd ionization energy? P

Mg

Al

Na

The small bags of silica gel you often see in a new shoe box are placed there to control humidity. despite its name, silica gel is a solid. it is a chemically inert, highly porous, amorphous form of sio2. because water vapor readily adsorbs onto the surface of silica gel, it acts as a desiccant. despite not knowing mechanistic details of the adsorption of water onto silica gel, from the information provided you should be able to make an educated guess about the thermodynamic characteristics of the process. predict the signs for δg, δh, and δs for the adsorption of water.