The first ionization energy for Li is 5.20 x 102 kJ/mol and the second ionization energy is 7.29 x 103 kJ/mol. Assume that your Bunsen burner reached 869°C, and that nearly all of Li atoms heated in your Bunsen burner had energies LESS than 4 x RT. Explain why you would or would not expect significant ionization in the flame?

Solid tin exists in two forms: white and gray. for the transformation sn(s, white) → sn(s, gray) the enthalpy change is -2.1 kj/mol and the entropy change is -7.4 j/(mol*k). a. calculate the gibbs free energy change for the conversion of 1.00 mol white tin to gray tin at -30℃. b. will white tin convert spontaneously to gray tin at -30℃? c. at what temperature are white and gray tin thermodynamically equivalent at a pressure of 1 atm?