When all of the electrons in an atom are in the lowest available energy levels, the atom is in the

The atom is said to be in ground state.

Explanation:

When all of the electrons in an atom are in the lowest energy level atom is said to be in ground state. when electron gain energy electron are jumped into higher level and back into lower level by releasing the energy.

The process is called excitation and de-excitation.

Excitation:

When the energy is provided to the atom the electrons by absorbing the energy jump to the higher energy levels. This process is called excitation. The amount of energy absorbed by the electron is exactly equal to the energy difference of orbits.  For example if electron jumped from K to L it must absorbed the energy which is equal the energy difference of these two level. The excited electron thus move back to lower energy level which is K by releasing the energy because electron can not stay longer in higher energy level and comes to ground state.

De-excitation:

When the excited electron fall back to the lower energy levels the energy is released in the form of radiations. this energy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the orbits. The characteristics bright colors are due to the these emitted radiations. These emitted radiations can be seen if they are fall in the visible region of spectrum

the ratio of the conjugate base to the acid required to attain the desired ph.