Which of the sets of elements are not in order of increasing force of attraction on the outermost electron in atoms of that element? Ba < Sr < Ca
Al < P < Cl
F < Cl < Br
Mo < Pd < Sn

The elements that are not arranged in their increasing force of attraction base on the outermost electron present in their atoms is D:

Mo < Pd < Sn.

Therefore , option D is correct.

link

The set of elements that are not arranged in the order of increasing ionization energy is Mo < Pd < Sn

Explanation:

The force of attraction on the outermost electron of an element can be described by the ionization energy of the element which decreases down a group and increases across a period

1) The given elements Ba, Sr, Ca, are group 2 elements arranged in the order from bottom up, which gives an increasing ionization energy, therefore;

Ba < Sr < Ca is arranged in increasing ionization energy, and therefore, increasing force of attraction of the outermost electron in atoms of the elements

Similarly, Al < P < Cl and Mo < Pd < Sn, are arranged in order of increasing ionization energy

However F < Cl < Br which are arranged from top down of elements in period 17 are arranged in the order of decreasing ionization energy, and therefore, decreasing force of attraction of the outermost electron in atoms of the elements.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.