For your 13th answer in #4, what is the other name for this particle?

Explanation:

The really interesting characteristic of the atmosphere is that each layer has a different temperature range. That is truly incredible when you list them.

The first layer is the troposphere. It is the layer closest to the earth's surface. It is 12 km high and goes from 15oC to - 56oC

The next layer is the Stratosphere. It is 38 km above the  Troposphere and the temperature goes from -56 to -2.5

The third layer is Mesosphere. It is 40 km above the Stratosphere and the temperature goes from -2.5 to -86.5

The next layer is the Thermosphere.  It is 710 km above the Mesosphere. It goes from - 86.5 to 1200o C So this goes from - 100 roughly to + 1200. That is a massive distance. It speaks wonders of how balanced this planet really is.

The final layer is the Exosphere. It goes up to 3000 km. The temperature is consistently at 1200oC

What I don't understand is how you get the layers from a 13 answer of something. What is the first name of the particle? That would seem to have nothing to do with this answer. Please explain because this was a good deal of work that might be for nothing. Mind you the answer is very interesting.