why only elements 1-20 (hydrogen to calcium) are shown through Bohr-Rutherford models. Any element bigger than calcium (those in the transition element part of the periodic table) don't work as well

As previously discussed, there is a connection between the number of protons in an element, the atomic number that distinguishes one element from another, and the number of electrons it has. In all electrically-neutral atoms, the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. Each element, when electrically neutral, has a number of electrons equal to its atomic number.

Explanation:

beta decay is the answer

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.