It takes less force to move a book than a book bag full of books. a 1st Law b 2nd Law c 3rd Law

c. heat could easily travel through the molecules in the air and escape/enter the flask. removing the air slows down the heat transfer.  

explanation:

let the different atoms be x and y. each with four protons and same mass will be represented as follows.

mass number is number of protons + number of neutrons.

            and  

since, it is given that one has a negative charge while the other is neutral. therefore, there will be increase in number of protons and the atom will be represented as follows.

according to periodic table, mass number of beryllium is 9 and it has atomic number 4 so, the atoms will be and .  

the protons and neutrons will be located inside the nucleus whereas the electrons will be revolving around the nucleus.