Can someone show the work for these problems

Which of the following electromagnetic waves can create ions?

Which process does not require the presence of a physical substance in order to transfer heat? air in the atmosphere is heated by the ground. this warm air then rises, and cooler air falls. this is an example of what type of process? how is conduction different from radiation?

An experiment is conducted to see if cats preferred skim milk or 2% milk. a cup of skim milkwas put out for 5 kittens and then measured how much the kittens drank over the course of aday. following a cup of 2% milk was purout for the skittens and then masured how much thekittens drank over the course of a day. the same kittens were used and the milk was served atthe same temperature. it was discovered that the cats liked the 2% milk more than the skimmilk. what is the dependent variable in this experiment?