Need help for very important test!!need how it was solved also using gas laws

Which of these would be caused by a chemical change? a) the formation of lava. b) sedimantary rock layering over time. c) metamorphic rock forming from igneous. d) metamorphic rock eroding to form sedimentary rock.

1)each group 16 element has how many valence electrons? ( )4 ( )6 ( )8 ( )16 2)how many dots appear in the dot structure for calcium ion, ca2+? ( )zero ( )one ( )two ( )eight 3) which of the following atoms forms a cation to obtain an octet of outer shell electrons? ( )magnesium ( )oxygen ( )fluorine ( )helium 4) an al3+ ion contains 13 protons and 10 electrons. ( )true ( )false 5) valence and non-valence electrons are represented in lewis dot structures. ( )true ( )false

Why does the sun appear to be the brightest star in the sky? a- its apparent brightness is much greater than other stars. b- it burns more gas, making it brighter than any other star. c- it is the largest star in the galaxy, so it is the brightest star. d- its relative distance to earth is closer than the other stars.