Which of the following solutes will lower the freezing point of water the most?

a) the molecular compound sucrose (c₁₂h₂₂22o₁₁)

b) the iconic compound magnesium sulfate (mgso₄4)

c)the iconic lithium chloride (lici)

d)the iconic compound calcium fluoride(caf₂2)

D) the iconic compound calcium fluoride (CaF₂)

Explanation:

where,

= change in freezing point

i= vant hoff factor

= freezing point constant

m = molality

A) the molecular compound sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁)

: For non electrolytes like sucrose, vant hoff factor is 1.

B) the iconic compound magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄): For electrolytes, vant hoff factor is equal to the number of ions it produce on dissociation.

   Thus i= 2

C) the iconic lithium chloride (LiCI):

, thus  i=2.

Thus 1% produces most ions and thus lowers the freezing point to maximum.

D) the iconic compound calcium fluoride(CaF₂):

, thus  i=3.

Thus the compound with highest value of i, will depress the freezing point to maximum.

explanation:

let the different atoms be x and y. each with four protons and same mass will be represented as follows.

mass number is number of protons + number of neutrons.

            and  

since, it is given that one has a negative charge while the other is neutral. therefore, there will be increase in number of protons and the atom will be represented as follows.

according to periodic table, mass number of beryllium is 9 and it has atomic number 4 so, the atoms will be and .  

the protons and neutrons will be located inside the nucleus whereas the electrons will be revolving around the nucleus.  

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