Provide two examples of things that apply to both relative and absolute dating.

Relative dating 
1) The law of superposition states that, in an undisturbed stratigraphic environment, the oldest layers of strata are beneath the younger ones. 

2) The law of original horizontality states that layers, when originally deposited, are fairly horizontal; folds and tilted beds are consequences of deformation that post-dates deposits. 

3) The law of original continuity states that sedimentary layers generally accumulate in continuous sheets. 

4) The law of cross-cutting relations states that cutting features are younger than the cut strata. 

5) The principle of baked contacts states that igneous intrusions metamorphose surrounding rock, and the metamorphosed rock is older than the intrusion. 

6) The principle of inclusions states that, if a layer of sediment over an igneous layer includes pebbles of the igneous rock, then the sediment is younger. 

Absolute dating 
1) Radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay at a constant rate, allowing geochronologists to determine a numerical age. Radiocarbon dating is used to date organic remains. 

2) Rate of tree growth, shell growth, and production of other organic material 

3) Rate of snow accumulation, clastic sediment deposition, and chemical sediment precipitation

  remember that hf is only the energy of one photon. not two. not three. one.  1) 5.12 * 10^3 photons  find the energy of one photon, then determine how many photons are needed to reach the sensitivity.  e = hf  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(5.95 * 10^19 hz)  = 3.94247 * 10^-14 j per photon  (2.02 * 10^-10 j) / (3.94247 * 10^-14 j/photon) = 5123.69149 photons  round to three sig figs.  2) 5.77 * 10^-17 j  energy of pulse = energy per photon * number of photons  = hfn  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(1.66 * 10^13 hz)(5250)  = 5.774559 * 10^-17 j  round to three sig figs.  3) 4.07 * 10^8 kj/mol  10^12 pm = 1 m  c = fλ  f = c/λ  e = hf  = hc/λ  = [(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (2.94 * 10^-12 m)](1 kj/1000 j)(6.02 * 10^23 photons/mol)  = 40702571.4 kj/mol  round to three sig figs.  4) 9.94 * 10^-1 m  e = hc/λ  λ = hc / e  = (6.626 * 10^-34 js)(3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (2.00 * 10^-25 j)  = 0.9939 m  round to three sig figs.  5) 9.06 * 10^3 photons  energy of pulse = energy per photon * number of photons  number of photons = energy of pulse / energy per photon  = energy of pulse / (hf)  = (3.87 * 10^-13 j) / [(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(6.45 * 10^16 hz)]  = 9055.23695 photons  round to three sig figs.  6) 2.78 * 10^-15 j  this is problem 1, except in reverse.  sensitivity = minumum number of photons * energy per photon  = (5930)(6.626 * 10^-34 js)(7.077 * 10^14 hz)  = 2.78070758 × 10^-15 j  round to three sig figs.