Which of the following is characteristic of all reversible systems at equilibrium?
activation energy is not required.
changes do not occur at the microscopic level.
two opposing reactions occur at the same rate.
they occur in open systems.
a catalyst affects the forward reaction.

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explanation:

covalent bonds

consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and bind the atoms to fixed orientation and requre high energies to break them

ionic bonds

when two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity, then one of the atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. this results in a positively charged ion(cation) and a negatively charged ion (anion)

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