Which statement is true for all equilibrium systems?
a. the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of the products.
b. the addition of a catalyst changes the equilibrium concentrations.
c. the concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration of the products.
d. heating the system always favors the exothermic reaction.
e. the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Kp is the equilibrium constant for dissociation of the propionic acid dimer. what is the sign of the slope for a plot of the natural logarithm of kp vs. inverse temperature for this reaction?

Hey, could someone me answer this? much appreciated!