Carbon atoms are unique in that their outer shell needs additional electrons to be complete.

What happens when the temperature of a solution increases?

6. using 3 – 4 sentences explain (in your own words) why water expands when it freezes? 7. using your knowledge of colligative properties explain whether sodium chloride or calcium chloride would be a more effective substance to melt the ice on a slick sidewalk. use 3 – 4 sentences in your explanation.

Covalent bonds generally form when the bonded elements have a difference in electronegativity less than 1.5. subtract the electronegativities for the following pairs of elements and predict whether they form a covalent bond. electronegativity difference of c and c: ionic covalent electronegativity difference of mg and cl: ionic covalent