Calculate the probability that the electron in the ground state of a hydrogenic atom of nuclear charge Z is measured to be inside the nucleus. A nucleus with A nucleons (Z protons and A-Z neutrons) has an approximate radius of r 11.2 * 10-15 m2A1>3 . Calculate the probabilities for hydrogen and uranium-238.

Astable electron arrangement for an atom is one that does not easily change. how is this arrangement arrived at? a. valence electrons are transferred or shared to create a full outer shell of electrons. b. valence electrons are discarded into space to create a full outer shell of electrons. c. protons (positive charge) pair with valence electrons (negative charge) to create a strong bond. d. outer shells with valence electrons are transferred or shared.