What is the purpose of the subscripts, or small numbers, in a chemical formula?

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To show the number of atoms present.

Explanation: As in CO² (Carbon dioxide), there is a small 2 next to the symbol "O" (oxygen) to explain that there are two oxygen atoms.

i just learnt this recently but i need to look through my notes again

geosphere and hydrosphere.

this is because the geosphere has to do with geological events, while the hydrosphere controls all water on earth.