Rutherford discovered the proton during his gold foil experiment in which he shot a beam of radioactive particles at a piece of gold foil. During his experiment, pictured to the left, protons repelled the beam back. What kind of beam did Rutherford use? Justify your claim with evidence and reasoning.

substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon:

- the single bond remains single. a is wrong.

- the bond with hydrogen is as strong as with a halogen. c is wrong

- a hydrocarbon is saturated if there is no double bond. we do not know that so d is wrong.

- carbon will always have four valence electrons. e is wrong.

by elimination, the correct answer is b. the boiling point of the new compound increases.