When Justin added deionized water to the volumetric flask, he accidentally filled the flask so that the water level was slightly above the mark. He still assumed that the flask was holding 100.0 mL when he calculated the density of the solution, however. How will this procedural error affect his calculated density value

The actual value of density will be less than the calculated value of density

Explanation:

Density is defined as mass per unit volume. This means that the value of the density of the substance depends on both its mass and its volume.

Since the volume of the water used in the experiment is greater than the required 100mL yet a volume of 100mL was used in the calculation, the actual density of the substance is less than the calculated value of density.

a) the particles of the chair are strongly held together.