Salts have varying solubilities in solvents such as water. Some salts dissolve well in water, whereas others are nearly insoluble. The solubility product Ksp is the equilibrium constant for the dissolution of a solid salt into water, and its magnitude is an indicator of the solubility of the salt. Barium sulfate, BaSO4, is used in medical imaging of the gastrointestinal tract because it is opaque to X rays. A barium sulfate solution, sometimes called a cocktail, is ingested by the patient, whose stomach and intestines can then be visualized via X-ray imaging. If a patient ingests 280mL of a saturated barium sulfate solution, how much toxic Ba2+ ion has the patient consumed?

Amount of toxic Ba²+ ingested by the patient = 0.404 mg

Explanation:

The solubility product constant, Ksp for barium sulfate is 1.1 x 10-¹⁰.

Considering the dissociation products of aqueous BaSO₄ solution:

BaSO₄ (aq) ⇄ Ba²+ (aq) + SO₄²- (aq)

Let the concentration of Ba²+ be x and that of SO₄²- be x as well since the mole ratio of the products is 1 : 1

Ksp = [Ba²+] × [SO₄²-]

Ksp = x × x = x²

x² = 1.1 x 10-¹⁰

x = 1.05 × 10-⁵ M

Therefore, the concentration of Ba²+ ions = 1.05 × 10-⁵ M

Volume of saturated barium sulfate ingested by the patient = 280 mL = 0.280 L

Number of moles of Ba²+ ions = molar concentration × volume

Number of moles of Ba²+ = 1.05 × 10-⁵ M × 0.280 L = 2.94 × 10-⁶ moles

Mass of Ba²+ ions = number of moles × molar mass

Molar mass of Ba²+ = 137.33 g/mol

Mass of Ba²+ = 2.94 × 10-⁶ moles × 137.33 g/mol = 4.04 × 10-⁴ g = 0.404 mg

Therefore, amount of toxic Ba²+ ingested by the patient = 0.404 mg

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."

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