For the acids, use the formula ph=-log[H⁺]. (because HCI has 1H⁺ ion per formula unit, [H⁺] equals the molarity.) For water, use what you know about the pH of neutral solutions. For the bases, examine and extend the pattern on edge

i think it is d. e because the next one is igneous.

the transfer of heat by electromagnetic radiation is called thermal radiation . it is usually carried out by electromagnetic waves in an energy range just below the visible spectrum, which is the infrared range.

so the answer would be radiation.

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