By what two characteristics are all the elements of the periodic table placed in a particular row and column

Rows are defined as which shell of the element contains the outermost electrons. As the rows increase, the outermost shell value increases, as well. The columns are defined as which block contains those outermost electrons, and the shape at which that orbital takes.

Iwould google this

C. 1s22s22p63s23p43d104s24p5