What theory explains the formation and movement of the outer surface of the earth

the theory of plate tectonics

Explanation:

The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation and movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates. Major geographical events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building, result from the movements of the lithospheric plates.

your answer is a. the enthalpy of formation for a pure element in its standard state is always positive.