Ahigh school teacher conducted a test of a new approach to teaching math. students were given a pretest when their math class began and a posttest at the end of the semester. the students' math performance improved. the teacher learned near the end of the semester, however, that in their science classes the students were using new computer software that included much of the math the teacher covered in his course. what threats to internal validity does the new computer software represent?

It represents a threat of instrument change.

Explanation:

Internal validity is a method to determine if research has been performed properly. It is based on the number of confounding variables present in the experiment. If an experiment is carried out and confounding variables are avoided, the internal validity is high, and viceversa. In an ideal context, the experiment's internal validity will be high, which will mean its results will be trustworthy.

The students, by making use of a computer software, lowered the validity of the test performed by the teacher.

there is no universally accepted definition of art. although commonly used to describe something of beauty, or a skill which produces an aesthetic result, there is no clear line in principle between (say) a unique piece of handmade sculpture, and a mass-produced but visually attractive item. we might say that art requires thought - some kind of creative impulse - but this raises more questions: for example, how much thought is required? if someone flings paint at a canvas, hoping by this action to create a work of art, does the result automatically constitute art?