7. list three controls that could be applied to detect or prevent off-by-one errors.

  Encapsulation is the one of the best way for preventing the off by one error in the system.

In the programming language, off by one error is the type of logical error in which the value of the number of the iteration in the loop are either 1 more or 1 less in the loop system.

Microsoft SAL ( Subscriber access license) is the type of service that helps to prevent the off by one error in the coding system. The solution needs to separate from the index concept when the subtraction between the integer value are represented in the index.