Part 1 according to the formula a = π r 2 , for a circle of radius 1, the area of the circle will be equal to π . therefore, if we can use monte carlo to approximate the area of the circle, we can find an estimate for π . write a function calculate_pi that accepts a sample of x and corresponding y coordinates as arguments and returns an estimate for π (since we want to calculate π for various sample sizes, it will be useful for it to be a function). to simplify things, we will only consider a single quadrant of the unit circle (see gif above). therefore, the area of the full circle will be 4 times the area we calculate for the single quadrant (and your function should take this into account).