We use a cubic equation in which the variables and coefficients all take on values in the set of integers from 0 through p - 1 and in which calculations are performed modulo p for a over zp.

How can you know if the person or organization providing the information has the credentials and knowledge to speak on this topic? one clue is the type of web site it is--the domain name ".org" tells you that this site is run by a nonprofit organization.

Businesses allocate resources for their best and most productive uses. the more a resource, the more costly it will be. a manufacturer that requires scarce and costly resources is likely to charge for its products.

When making changes to optimize part of a processor, it is often the case that speeding up one type of instruction comes at the cost of slowing down something else. for example, if we put in a complicated fast floating-point unit, that takes space, and something might have to be moved farther away from the middle to accommodate it, adding an extra cycle in delay to reach that unit. the basic amdahl's law equation does not take into account this trade-off. a. if the new fast floating-point unit speeds up floating-point operations by, on average, 2ă—, and floating-point operations take 20% of the original program's execution time, what is the overall speedup (ignoring the penalty to any other instructions)? b. now assume that speeding up the floating-point unit slowed down data cache accesses, resulting in a 1.5ă— slowdown (or 2/3 speedup). data cache accesses consume 10% of the execution time. what is the overall speedup now? c. after implementing the new floating-point operations, what percentage of execution time is spent on floating-point operations? what percentage is spent on data cache accesses?