1. Caches are important to providing a high-performance memory hierarchy to processors. Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses: 3, 180, 43, 2, 191, 88, 190, 14, 181, 44, 186, 253 [6 pts] a. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a directmapped cache with 16 one-word blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. Show all your work.

Consider the following statements: struct nametype{string first; string last; }; struct coursetype{string name; int callnum; int credits; char grade; }; struct studenttype{nametype name; double gpa; coursetype course; }; studenttype student; studenttype classlist[100]; coursetype course; nametype name; mark the following statements as valid or invalid. if a statement is invalid, explain why.a.) student.course.callnum = "csc230"; b.) cin > > student.name; c.) classlist[0] = name; d.) classlist[1].gpa = 3.45; e.) name = classlist[15].name; f.) student.name = name; g.) cout < < classlist[10] < < endl; h.) for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)classlist[j].name = name; i.) classlist.course.credits = 3; j.) course = studenttype.course;