The OSI is reference/conceptual model and accordingly multiple practical models (such as TCP/IP, AppleTALK, etc) exits. Which fundamental functionalities necessarily needs to considered while implementing any network model?

Answercompressor;

Once the twisted pair cable is connected and a network is established the led lights at the back of the computer should be steady. on most ethernet adapters nowadays, a steady green light means that the connection is actively connected to a valid partner at the opposite end. if the status of the led starts flashing, this means that there’s some activity and data is being transferred.

Answeroperating system