You are given a ciphertext that you are told was encrypted with one of the three historical encryption methods: transposition cipher, monoalphabetic cipher, polyalphabetic cipher. You are also told that the plaintext is an English language document. Concisely explain how you can use the single letter frequencies of the ciphertext letters to help you to determine which encryption method may have been used. For each encryption method, explain whether using only single letter and bigram/trigram frequencies are sufficient to cryptanalyse a ciphertext.

Function name: poly parameters: int returns: int description: a polynomial of degree n with coefficients a0,a1,a2,a3, . . ,an is the function p(x) = a0+a1x+a2x2+a3 ∗ x3+ . . +an ∗ xn this function can be evaluated at different values of x. for example, if: p(x) = 1+2x+ x2, then p(2) = 1+2 ∗ 2+22 = 9. if p(x) = 1+x2+x4, then p(2) = 21 and p(3) = 91. write a function poly() that takes as input a list of coefficients a0, a1, a2, a3, . . , an of a polynomial p(x) and a value x. the function will return poly(x), which is the value of the polynomial when evaluated at x.