Find the contact ratio for a pair of spur gears with a center distance of 4.125 in. if the gears have 19 and 80 teeth respectively and a normal pressure angle of 20 degrees.

If you were designing a bumper for a car, would you prefer it to exhibit elastic or plastic deformation? why? consider the functions of a bumper in both a minor "fender-bender" and a major collision.

Which of the following controllers anticipates the future from the slope of errors over time? a)-proportional b)-on/off c)-integral d)-derivative.

Machinery that is a key part of the process and without which the plant or process cannot function is classifed as: (clo4) a)-critical machinery b)-essential machinery c)-general purpose machinery d)-none of the specified options.