In an orthogonal cutting operation, the rake angle = -8°, chip thickness before the cut = 0.22 mm and width of cut = 3.2 mm. the cutting force is 1750n and the thrust force is 1200n. the chip ratio = 0.42. determine: a-the chip thickness after the cut (b)-shear angle (c)-coefficient of friction (d)-friction angle (e)-shear strain.