Amold has a downsprue length = 6.0 in. the cross sectional area at the bottom of the sprue is 0.5 in2. the sprue leads into a horizontal runner which feeds the mold cavity, whose volume = 75 in3. determine (a) velocity of the molten metal flowing through the base of the downsprue, (b) volume rate of flow, and (c) time required to fill the mold cavity.

Aturning operation is performed with following conditions: rake angle of 12°, a feed of 0.35 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 1.1 mm. the work piece is aluminum alloy 6061 with t6 heat treatment (a16061-t6). the resultant chip thickness was measured to be 1.0 mm. estimate the cutting force, fc. use shear stress of 207 mpa and coefficient of friction on the tool face of 0.6.