For the given soil element, draw the mohr’s circle of stress and graphically find the following: a) magnitude and orientation (from the horizontal) of major and minor principal stresses. b) magnitude and orientation (from the horizontal) of maximum shear stress. c) stresses on a plane inclined at 40 degrees clockwise from the horizontal.

Precipitation hardening can be achieved in many light alloys by a three-step heat treatment. what is carried out and what is the purpose at each step? why is such a treatment necessary based on the nucleation and growth theory of phase transformation. compare this treatment with tempering martensite for carbon steels (similarities and differences).