Derive the probability that a receptor is occupied by a ligand using a model that treats the l ligands in solution as distinguishable particles. show that the expression is the same as obtained in the text (equation 6.19), where the ligands were treated as indistinguishable.

Different types of steels contain different elements that alter the characteristics of the steel. for each of the following elements, explain what the element does when alloyed with steel.

Consider a large isothermal enclosure that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 2000 k. calculate the emissive power of the radiation that emerges from a small aperture on the enclosure surface. what is the wavelength ? , below which 10% of the emission is concentrated? what is the wavelength ? 2 above which 10% of the emission is concentrated? determine the wavelength at which maximum spectral emissive power occurs. what is the irradiation incident on a small object placed inside the enclosure?

Apressure vessel with an r/t 20 cannot be treated as thin walled vessel. a)-trune b)- false