21.13 The index of refraction of corundum (Al2O3) is anisotropic. Suppose that visible light is passing from one grain to another of different crystal-lographic orientation and at normal incidence to the grain boundary. Calculate the reflectivity at the boundary if the indices of refraction for the two grains are 1.757 and 1.779 in the direction of light propagation.

Amass of 1.5 kg of air at 120 kpa and 24°c is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston-cylinder device. the air is now compressed to a final pressure of 720 kpa. during the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. calculate the boundary work input during this process.

Two flowing streams of argon gas are adiabatically mixed to form a single flow/stream. one stream is 1.5 kg/s at 400 kpa and 200 c while the second stream is 2kg/s at 500 kpa and 100 ? . it is stated that the exit state of the mixed single flow of argon gas is 150 c and 300 kpa. assuming there is no work output or input during the mixing process, does this process violate either the first or the second law or both? explain and state all your assumptions.

The flow rate of air through a through a pipe is 0.02 m5/s. a pitot static tube is placed in the flow. the radius of the pitot static tube is 1 mm. assuming the flow to be steady and the air to be at 300k, calculate the difference in total and static pressure if the diameter of the pipe is: (a) d 0.1 m d 0.05 m (c) d 0.01 m