A common rule of thumb for controller discretization is to have "6 samples per rise time" in order to achieve a reasonable approximation of the CT controller, without wasting computing resources. Derive the effect on PM that this choice will have. Also derive the relationship of this choice to the effective Nyquist rate for the closed-loop system.

Apump is used to circulate hot water in a home heating system. water enters the well-insulated pump operating at steady state at a rate of 0.42 gal/min. the inlet pressure and temperature are 14.7 lbf/in.2, and 180°f, respectively; at the exit the pressure is 60 lbf/in.2 the pump requires 1/15 hp of power input. water can be modeled as an incompressible substance with constant density of 60.58 lb/ft3 and constant specific heat of 1 btu/lb or. neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine the temperature change, in °r, as the water flows through the pump.

Afluid flows with a velocity field given by v=(x/t)i.. determine the local and convective accelerations when x=3 and t=1.

Give heat transfer applications for the following, (i) gas turbines (propulsion) ) gas turbines (power generation). (iii) steam turbines. (iv) combined heat and power (chp). (v) automotive engines