The velocity, c, at which pressure pulses travel through arteries (pulse-wave velocity) is a function of the artery diameter, D, and wall thickness, h, the density of blood, p, and the modulus of elasticity, E, of the arterial wall.

Determine a set of nondimensional parameters that can be used to study experimentally the relationship between the pulse-wave velocity and the variables listed. Form the nondimensional parameters by inspection.

Explanation:

Using the Buckingham pi theorem and following the series of steps below;

STEP 1

List all the variables involved:

Velocity = c

Artery diameter = D

Wall thickness = h

Density = ρ

Modulus of elasticity = E

(c, D, h, ρ, E) = 5 variables

STEP 2

Express each of the above variables in their basic physical dimension (MLT)

c = L

D = L

h = L

ρ = M

E = M

STEP 3

Determine the required number of pi (π) terms using the below formula;

π = n - m

where n = number of dimensional variables = 5

          m = number of dimensions the variables are expressed in = 3 (M,L,T)

Therefore, π = 5-3 = 2;     π = 2

STEP 4

Select a number of repeating variables, where the number required is equal to the number of dimensions used i.e. 3. The remaining two variables are the non repeating variables.

Selected repeating variables are c, D, ρ

non repeating variables are h and E

STEP 5

Form a pi term by multiplying one non repeating variable by the product of the repeating variables, each (repeating variables) raised to an exponent that will make the expression dimensionless.

π (1) = h                   ...............................................(i)

express this pi terms in their fundamental dimension and equate it to

=  

Equate the powers

substitute c and b into the third expression to find a

a = -1, b = 0, c = 0

substitute the values for a, b and c in (i)

π (1) =

π (1) =

STEP 6

Repeat step 5 for the second non repeating variable E

π (2) =         .......................................................... (ii)

express in fundamental dimensions

compare the powers

using elimination method,

a = 0, b = -2, c = -1

substituting the values of a, b and c in (ii)

π (2) = =

π (2) =  

STEP 7

Check if the pi terms are dimensionless

π (1) =

π (2) =

STEP 8

Express the final equation as a relationship between the pi terms in the form,

π() = π()

answer:

d. attempt to find the owner, then leave your information if you cannot find them.

explanation:

d. represents both (b) and (c).

more logical as well.

b and c are to complicated.

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