In an experiment studying classical conditioning, a tone sounds and 5 seconds later a mild skin shock is delivered to a participant. The skin shock results in a stress response consisting of a temporary increase in heart rate. This process is repeated once every five minutes. After a number of trials, the participant demonstrates an elevated heart rate when the tone sounds and before the shock is actually delivered. Within the context of this example, what is the UR

Agas contained within a piston-cylinder assembly e end nation about same energy states, 1 and 2, where pi 10 bar, v undergoes two processes, a and b, between the sam 0.1 m3, ui-400 kj and p2 1 bar, v2 1.0 m2, u2 200 kj: process a: process from 1 to 2 during which the pressure- volume relation is pv constant process b: constant-volume process from state 1 to a pressure of 2 bar, followed by a linear pressure-volume process to +20 0 state 2 kinetic and potential energy effects can be ignored. for each of the processes a and b, (a) sketch the process on p-v coordinates, (b) evaluate the work, in kj, and (c) evaluate process the heat transfer, in kj